Mountain biking is an exhilarating sport that combines the thrill of speed with the challenge of navigating rough terrain. One of the key features that riders encounter on trails is a berm. Berms are an integral part of mountain biking, enhancing both the safety and enjoyment of the ride. In this article, we will explore what berms are, their types, how they are constructed, and their impact on mountain biking. We will also delve into techniques for riding berms, the benefits they offer, and their importance in trail design.
Introduction to Berms
Berms are banked turns found on mountain biking trails. They are constructed by building up the outer edge of a corner to create a slope that riders can lean into as they navigate the turn. This design allows riders to maintain higher speeds and control while reducing the risk of skidding or losing traction. Berms can vary in size and shape, from gentle slopes to steep, high-banked turns.
Types of Berms
Berms come in various forms, each designed to suit different trail conditions and rider abilities. Understanding these types can help riders anticipate how to approach and ride them effectively.
Natural Berms
Natural berms are formed by the natural contour of the land. These berms are typically found on trails that follow the existing terrain. Natural berms can be less predictable than man-made ones because they depend on the natural features of the landscape.
Man-Made Berms
Man-made berms are specifically constructed for mountain biking trails. These berms are carefully designed and built to provide optimal riding conditions. They are often found in bike parks and on purpose-built trails.
Progressive Berms
Progressive berms start with a gentle slope and gradually increase in steepness. These berms are designed to help riders build confidence and skill as they progress through the turn. Progressive berms are ideal for beginners and intermediate riders.
Steep Berms
Steep berms have a sharp angle and are designed for advanced riders. These berms allow for high-speed turns and require precise control and technique. Steep berms are often found on advanced trails and in downhill courses.
Rollers and Berms Combination
Some trails feature a combination of rollers (small, rolling bumps) and berms. This combination adds an extra layer of challenge and fun to the ride. Riders must navigate the rollers while preparing for the upcoming berm.
Construction of Berms
Building a berm involves several steps, including planning, digging, shaping, and compacting. Proper construction ensures the berm is safe, durable, and enjoyable to ride.
Planning the Berm
The first step in constructing a berm is planning. Trail builders assess the terrain, consider the flow of the trail, and decide where the berm will be most effective. Factors such as the angle of the turn, the speed of the riders, and the type of soil are taken into account.
Digging and Shaping
Once the location is determined, the digging begins. Dirt is excavated from the inner part of the turn and used to build up the outer edge. This process creates the banked slope of the berm. The shape of the berm is carefully crafted to ensure a smooth transition and optimal riding line.
Compacting the Soil
After the berm is shaped, the soil must be compacted to create a solid and stable surface. This can be done using hand tools, machinery, or a combination of both. Proper compaction prevents erosion and ensures the berm can withstand the forces exerted by riders.
Adding Reinforcements
In some cases, additional reinforcements such as rocks, logs, or geotextiles are used to strengthen the berm. These materials help prevent erosion and maintain the integrity of the berm over time.
Riding Techniques for Berms
Riding a berm requires a combination of skill, balance, and confidence. Here are some techniques to help riders navigate berms effectively:
Approach with Speed
Entering a berm with sufficient speed is crucial. Riders should maintain momentum as they approach the turn. This helps ensure they can ride the berm smoothly without losing control.
Lean into the Turn
As riders enter the berm, they should lean their bodies into the turn. This action shifts their center of gravity and allows them to maintain traction. Leaning also helps to counteract the centrifugal forces that push the rider outward.
Look Ahead
Riders should always look ahead to the exit of the berm. Keeping their eyes focused on the next part of the trail helps maintain balance and anticipate any changes in the terrain.
Use the Whole Berm
Utilizing the entire width of the berm allows for a smoother and faster turn. Riders should enter the berm at the top, ride through the middle, and exit at the bottom. This path maximizes the berm’s effectiveness.
Stay Relaxed
Maintaining a relaxed posture is essential. Tension can lead to overcorrection and loss of control. Riders should keep their arms and legs slightly bent and absorb any bumps with their body.
Benefits of Berms
Berms offer numerous benefits to both riders and trail designers. Here are some key advantages:
Enhanced Speed and Flow
Berms allow riders to maintain higher speeds through turns, enhancing the overall flow of the trail. This increased speed makes the ride more exciting and enjoyable.
Improved Safety
By providing a banked surface, berms reduce the risk of skidding and loss of traction. This makes the trail safer, especially in wet or loose conditions.
Reduced Erosion
Properly constructed berms help manage water runoff and reduce trail erosion. This contributes to the longevity and sustainability of the trail.
Skill Development
Riding berms helps riders develop essential mountain biking skills such as cornering, balance, and control. Berms provide a controlled environment to practice these techniques.
Trail Aesthetics
Berms add visual appeal to a trail. They create interesting and dynamic features that enhance the overall trail experience.
See Also: Is Mountaineering a Sport
The Importance of Berms in Trail Design
Berms play a crucial role in trail design, influencing the flow, safety, and sustainability of the trail. Here’s why they are important:
Enhancing Trail Flow
Trail flow refers to the seamless and natural progression of a trail. Berms contribute to this flow by allowing riders to maintain speed and rhythm. Well-designed berms create a smooth and enjoyable ride.
Managing Rider Traffic
Berms help manage rider traffic by guiding riders through turns and reducing congestion. This is particularly important on busy trails and in bike parks where multiple riders may be on the trail simultaneously.
Adapting to Terrain
Berms allow trail designers to adapt to the natural terrain. By incorporating berms, designers can navigate steep slopes, sharp turns, and other challenging features. This flexibility enhances the trail’s versatility and accessibility.
Promoting Sustainability
Sustainable trail design is essential for preserving natural environments and ensuring trails remain usable over time. Berms help manage water runoff and reduce erosion, contributing to the trail’s long-term sustainability.
Conclusion
Berms are an essential feature of mountain biking trails. They enhance the riding experience by improving speed, safety, and flow. Understanding the different types of berms, how they are constructed, and the techniques for riding them can significantly improve a rider’s performance and enjoyment. Berms also play a crucial role in trail design, contributing to the sustainability and overall quality of the trail. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced rider, mastering berms will undoubtedly elevate your mountain biking experience.